Dual processors, Hyper-Threading Technology, and multi-core systems

Hyper Threading Architecture Paper | Dual Processor Computer: Dual-processor systems, Hyper-Threading Technology processors, and multi-core systems are all computer systems designed to execute two or more software programs within a single program. But they differ in the details.

by Sunish Parikh, software performance engineer, and Thomas E. Martinez, software performance engineer, Core Software Division, Software Solutions Group, Intel Corp.

This paper is intended to provide software professionals with a basic understanding of the differences between several computer system architectures capable of executing two (or more) software programs, for example in a multitasking environment or multiple threads within one program. The architectures that will be discussed are dual-processor systems, Intel® Xeon™ processors with Hyper-Threading Technology, Dual-core processor systems and Multi-core processor systems.

Definitions and architectural details The dual processor
A traditional dual-processor system contains two separate physical computer processors in the same chassis. The two processors are usually located on the same circuit board (mother board) but occasionally will be located on separate circuit boards. In this case, each of the processors will reside in its own socket. A dual-processor (DP) system can also be considered a subset of the larger set of a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system. A multi-processor capable operating system can schedule two separate computer processes or two threads within a process to run simultaneously on these separate processors.
dual-processor systems

Figure 1. Dual-Processor system

Hyper-Threading Technology

Hyper-Threading Technology (HT Technology) was developed by Intel Corporation to bring the simultaneous multi-threading approach to the Intel architecture. With HT Technology, two threads can execute on the same single processor core simultaneously in parallel rather than context switching between the threads. Scheduling two threads on the same physical processor core allows better use of the processors resources.

HT Technology is available on Intel Xeon processors and some Intel Pentium® 4 processors. HT Technology adds circuitry and functionality into a traditional processor to enable one physical processor to appear as two separate processors. Each processor is then referred to as a logical processor. The added circuitry enables the processor to maintain two separate architectural states and separate Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controllers (APIC) which provides multi-processor interrupt management and incorporates both static and dynamic symmetric interrupt distribution across all processors. The shared resources include items such as cache, registers, and execution units to execute two separate programs or two threads simultaneously. Requirements to enable HT Technology are system equipped with a processor with HT Technology, an OS that supports HT Technology and BIOS support to enable/disable HT Technology.

New Computer Processor

New Computer Processor Has The Potential Of Reaching Trillions Of Calculations Per Second

ScienceDaily (Apr. 26, 2007) — The prototype for a revolutionary new general-purpose computer processor, which has the potential of reaching trillions of calculations per second, has been designed and built by a team of computer scientists at The University of Texas at Austin.

The new processor, known as TRIPS (Tera-op, Reliable, Intelligently adaptive Processing System), could be used to accelerate industrial, consumer and scientific computing. Professors Stephen Keckler, Doug Burger and Kathryn McKinley have been working on underlying technology that culminated in the TRIPS prototype for the past seven years. Their research team designed and built the hardware prototype chips and the software that runs on the chips.

"The TRIPS prototype is the first on a roadmap that will lead to ultra-powerful, flexible processors implemented in nanoscale technologies," said Burger, associate professor of computer sciences.

TRIPS is a demonstration of a new class of processing architectures called Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE). Unlike conventional architectures that process one instruction at a time, EDGE can process large blocks of information all at once and more efficiently.

Current "multicore" processing technologies increase speed by adding more processors, which individually may not be any faster than previous processors. Adding processors shifts the burden of obtaining better performance to software programmers, who must assume the difficult task of rewriting their code to run well on a potentially large number of processors.

"EDGE technology offers an alternative approach when the race to multicore runs out of steam," said Keckler, associate professor of computer sciences. Each TRIPS chip contains two processing cores, each of which can issue 16 operations per cycle with up to 1,024 instructions in flight simultaneously. Current high-performance processors are typically designed to sustain a maximum execution rate of four operations per cycle.

Though the prototype contains two 16-wide processors per chip, the research team aims to scale this up with further development

Adapted from materials provided by University of Texas at Austin, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.



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